What does the "etc" folder in the root directory stand for? I think knowing this will help me remember where certain files are located. Update: Might be useful for others, the folder is used for "...
UPDATE2 AND SOLUTION: I commented the part out (#Start to #End), that seemingly overwrites the /etc/resolv.conf file and sure enough. That was the culprit. So an obscure script caused all this trouble. I changed the question to reflect, what actually needed to be known to solve my problem, so it would be easier to find for people with the same problem and so I could accept an answer. Thanks ...
The command mount /dev/sdc1 is correct only when the device or partition (/dev/sdc1 in this case) is listed in /etc/fstab. If it is not, you need to specify mountpoint, filesystem type, and other options that are normally specified in /etc/fstab: mount -t exfat /dev/sdc1 /path/to/some/dir